Scientists consider biological essentialism obsolete, and generally discourage racial explanations for collective differentiation in both physical and behavioral traits. ![]() Social conceptions and groupings of races vary over time, involving folk taxonomies that define essential types of individuals based on perceived traits. While partially based on physical similarities within groups, race is not an inherent physical or biological quality. Modern scholarship regards race as a social construct, that is, a symbolic identity created to establish some cultural meaning. First used to refer to speakers of a common language and then to denote national affiliations, by the 17th century the term race began to refer to physical (phenotypical) traits. ![]() A race is a grouping of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into categories generally viewed as distinct by society.
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